Which theorist is known for criticizing capitalism and the effects of industrialization?

The answer is Karl Marx, who is widely recognized for his critical analysis of capitalism and the impact of industrialization on society. Marx's theories highlight the struggles between different social classes, particularly focusing on the conflict between the proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist class). He argued that capitalism leads to the exploitation of workers, alienation, and social inequality, which are themes extensively explored in his works such as "The Communist Manifesto" and "Das Kapital."

Marx's critique emphasizes how industrialization not only transformed economies but also had profound social implications, creating a divide between those who own the means of production and those who sell their labor. This critique has influenced various social movements and theories concerning labor rights and economic systems.

Other figures mentioned have also commented on capitalism, but they do so in different contexts or from different perspectives. Friedrich Engels, for example, co-authored some works with Marx and supported the critique of capitalism, but it is Marx who is primarily credited with the foundational theories. Henri de Saint Simon offered alternative visions for society and advocated for social reform, while Adam Smith is known for laying the groundwork of modern economics, championing free market principles instead of critiquing capitalism.