Which civilization's gods did the Romans adopt after their conquest?

The Romans adopted the gods of the Greek civilization after their conquest, significantly influencing their own religious practices and beliefs. The incorporation of Greek deities into Roman culture occurred as the Romans came into contact with Greek colonies in Southern Italy and later with the Hellenistic world following their conquests. This adoption was not merely superficial; the Romans assimilated Greek mythology and attributes of the gods, often reinterpreting them within their own cultural context. For example, Zeus became Jupiter, and Hera transformed into Juno. This syncretism allowed the Romans to integrate the rich narrative and artistic traditions of Greek religion, further enriching their own pantheon.

While Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Celtic deities were recognized and sometimes worshipped in parts of the Roman Empire, the profound and widespread adoption of Greek gods is what fundamentally shaped Roman religion and identity during the Republic and Empire periods.