What historic event began in 1789 and involved radical social change in France?

The event that began in 1789 and led to profound social and political upheaval in France is indeed the French Revolution. This significant period was characterized by the overthrow of the monarchy, the rise of radical political groups, and widespread social reforms aimed at establishing a more egalitarian society. The revolution was driven by a desire to address the inequalities of the feudal system, economic hardship, and the influence of Enlightenment ideas advocating for liberty, equality, and fraternity.

As the revolution progressed, it saw the establishment of the First French Republic, the execution of King Louis XVI, and a redefinition of citizenship and rights. The socio-political landscape of France was transformed dramatically, influencing not only French society but also inspiring revolutionary movements across Europe and the Americas.

The other options pertain to different historical contexts. The Spanish Inquisition was related to the religious persecution in Spain, the American Revolution involved the colonies' fight for independence from British rule, and the Glorious Revolution was about the overthrow of King James II in England, which established constitutional monarchy. Each of these events occurred in distinct historical circumstances and did not initiate the radical changes that characterized the French Revolution.